is polyester carpet safe

The notoriousness of polyester as a toxic synthetic fiber could explain why that is so. Concern for you, your home or workplace, and everyone in it is our primary concern. The neutral tones of this material can make any room look stunning. Polyester cannot naturally break down or decompose. Not only is it beautiful, but it will also last for more than a decade if properly maintained! But it can also be a terrible mistake. Polyester … Before you buy a new one, read ahead, and learn which fiber material is the most durable. This ultimate guide will teach you about the different carpet beetles types, how to remove them and how to make sure they never infestate your carpet! The safest materials for your rugs are natural fibers. This important service can provide a healthier environment than cleaning alone. We have listed the best carpet cleaners for pet urine along with their buying guides. Choose the best pet friendly rug and stop worrying! All bacteria results include use of sanitizer. There are many places near you that offer carpets. How to remove pet odors and stains? Therefore, homes with babies, children, or allergy-sufferers should keep no products made of polyester. Naturally, parents should be unwilling to take any risk when it comes to their offspring. Moreover, it has somehow become a symbol of luxury. Having mold at home will not only give an unpleasant look and smell, but it can also be very harmful to your health. Step by Step! Hard surface bacteria tests were based on independent lab testing associated with EPA registration #s 84683-3-74771 and 70385-6; sealed stone and VCT surfaces were evaluated and bacteria tested include salmonella, influenza and E. coli. Your rug and carpet can suffer if you don't use the right products. Best Vacuum Cleaners! Best. Since the face fiber backing can contribute up to 60% of the carpet material, purchasing a nylon face fiber … Therefore, it is a noteworthy vector of pollution. So if anything spills on it, all you have to do is wipe it away. As we all adjust our lives during the current Coronavirus COVID-19 situation, we want to share the steps we are taking to ensure that our services are being delivered in the healthiest manner to help you clean your home and protect your family. Apart from that, you must also be wary of placing furniture on top of a polyester rug. Polyester isn't the best candidate if you want your rug to last long! But area rug placement can be very challenging. Polyester is extensively used in clothing and is commonly blended with cotton, rayon or wool 1.*. Read this to know everything there is to know about all types of rugs! The creation of polyester is dependent on fossil fuel extraction. For more than 40 years, Chem-Dry has been committed to providing our customers with a healthy home and workplace. If having an allergy-free surrounding is necessary for you, then don't hesitate to get a seagrass rug. When choosing a carpet, remember that they're often treated with special chemicals to neutralize or repel offending particles. Polyester is known for its lush, velvety softness and is comfortable under the feet. 5 Machines and 5 Cleaning Solutions, What is Carpet Browning and How to Avoid it. In this post we answer all your questions with a very useful infographic and a price calculator. And you want to get a good deal and fair installation prices, right? Toxic chemicals are in the DNA of polyester. Polyester is pleasing to touch and delightful to see, but unfortunately, it is also toxic for health. Buy carpet labeled low VOC (volatile organic compound), which limits the use of substances such as formaldehyde and benzene. The Chem-Dry approach encompasses three key considerations: 1. Polyester … These gases are the “new carpet” smell that you get when the carpet is new. Proper care and construction is essential for polyester carpet to withstand heavy traffic and use. Understanding the differences in quality and durability will also help you make the best financial investment for the long term. Carpet & Rug Cleaning: The Best DIY Methods! Synthetic carpet can be nylon (the most popular), polyester, or polypropylene, which is sometimes referred to as olefin. Deep Cleaning using our proprietary Hot Carbonating Extraction process and our green-certified, non-toxic solution, The Natural®, Protectant application so carpets stay cleaner longer, Hospital-grade Sanitizer application to eliminate germs and bacteria. Some are even bound to catch your eye with their enchanting colors. If you’re choosing one for the appeal, then the polyester carpet is a great option since it comes in different colors, shades, … These common carpet … So stepping over it will lead to the emission of irritants and pollutants. Consistently cater to the maintenance needs of your wool rug. A thick polyester carpet may feel nice and soft, but it is not a resilient fiber, and it does not a make a long-lasting carpet. In this article, we are going to discuss the toxicity of … Polyester is a toxic rug material because it emits dangerous gases. The long-chain polymers of polyester come in existence in controlled artificial settings. Buying a polyester rug is out of the question. Prolonged exposure to heavy footfall will wear down a polyester rug in about five years. *, Our HCE process, when combined with our hospital-grade sanitizer eliminates 99.99% of bacteria from the hard surfaces we clean on tile & stone, wood floors, and granite countertops.*. Nylon, polyester, and plastics are made from petroleum, a nonrenewable resource. Types of Rugs. PermaStrand carpet is also made from olefin fiber, not nylon or polyester. We are asking our technicians to offer to apply our hospital-grade sanitizer as an optional service for every customer. Polyester carpeting is inherently stain resistant, and it definitely outperforms both nylon and wool in this regard. They are replacing the carpet with a higher quality but I will have to pay for the upgrade. *Based on results of studies conducted by independent laboratories of Chem-Dry’s Hot Carbonating Extraction process. A seagrass rug will never disappoint you with its calming flair. And in addition to choosing the color, style, pile (cut, loop, or cut-and-loop), or pattern, shoppers must also take into consideration the material their carpet-to-be is made from. Therefore, homes with babies, children, or allergy-sufferers should keep no products made of polyester. The 8 Best and Worst Places to Buy a New (and Cheap) Carpet. 2. If you love marine life, abandon polyester as quickly as you can. We invite you to stay up-to-date with recommended actions for consumers for COVID-19 by checking the CDC website at www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov. If you start seeing brown spots or stains in your carpet (especially after you've cleaned it), you're suffering from carpet browning. This revelation is distressing as Americans spend approximately 90 percent of their time there! Its resistance to crushing and its wide range of dynamic colors provide many advantages to homeowners. However, since they are made with a synthetic material, you might feel uneasy about the idea of keeping them at home. Tools & Equipment They sometimes tend to emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may outgas. This washability allows you to keep the rug in mint condition. A wool carpet can add warmth, softness, and safety to the home with its graceful presence. Check out these 2 Options! Size, Material, Thickness, etc. With our Ultimate Guide To Rug Cleaning you'll find the solution you were looking for. Arevalo Bros Chem-Dry | (708) 795-5932 Recommended Post: Best Safe Cleaning Products for Carpets and Rugs, What Carpet Cleaner is Best for Pet Urine? The installer said that it must be a batch that was not dyed right. Did you know some of the most appealing and vibrant colored rugs have polyester in them? What's the average price? Prices typically range between $0.85 to $5.50 per square foot, which is considerably less than other materials that start at $3.25 per square foot. The market is overflowing with durable and inexpensive polyester rugs. While you can't see these substances in the atmosphere, they are out there to harm you! While nylon is without a doubt the most popular choice for a carpet fiber today, polyester … Are you tired of having smelly rugs with pet stains all over? Is there anything I can spray on the carpet to help maintain its color and matting? The presence of a polyester rug ensures poor indoor air quality. But regardless of how good these rugs look, you shouldn't consider them if they're toxic. Polyester carpet is not as resilient or durable as nylon carpet. Every carpet has its pros and cons as you mentioned! This elegant seagrass carpet also falls on the expensive side. This lifespan is lesser than that of floor coverings made of natural fiber, which can last for about fifteen years. Then learn the three (3) key steps you should take as soon as possible to reduce your exposure to toxic "carpet … If you feel like you are ethically responsible for protecting the environment, avoid this synthetic fiber. The Best 7 Rug Shops To Buy a Rug Online! Even though it is an … Polyester (or PET Polyester), carpet has been on the rise of popular carpeting being purchased. Once the polymers are damaged, they will remain flattened permanently. Both nylon and polyester carpets can be eco-friendly . So don't keep a rug made of this synthetic material, unless you're a fan of poor indoor air quality. If your home is dry, then beware of nylon. Rug vs Carpet: 10 Differences with Pros & Cons! Carpet Cleaner Pros: 3 Ways to Find the Best! Polyester carpet provides exceptional softness and color clarity. Our routine protocols include local operators completing a daily comprehensive cleaning of equipment. It is involved in causing issues like oil spills, wildlife disruption, and biodiversity loss. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, indoor air quality is generally two to five times worse than that of the outdoors. Well there’s a solution to that! However, is the material as harmful as people believe it to be? Polypropylene rugs contain toxic byproducts which when inhaled may cause certain problems like headache, allergies, dizziness, or nausea. Less prone than other materials to generate static electricity in arid environments, but it does still have the ability to produce a low amount of static. These 10 tips will help your living room look amazing! As an added precaution, we are also asking technicians to apply our hospital-grade sanitizer and wipe down equipment between each cleaning service to minimize the risk of transferring any germs. Don't be careless with your floor coverings as you are likely to regret it. Shaw Floors Endurance fiber is high performance PET, providing durability, lasting … When it comes to decomposing, polyester is the worst fabric out there! While it falls on the more expensive side, it has admirable qualities, which makes it worth every penny. I read and read and read about home decor. If you're buying a new rug, you should consider ones made with natural fibers like wool, jute or seagrass. Additionally, when it’s time to replace polyester carpeting, it can be down-cycled back into the system. Although highly stain resistant, oil-based stains are more difficult to remove and may require professional cleaning. Check it out here! Wool is extremely durable, hypoallergenic, fire-resistant, and eco-friendly. We have been sanitizing homes for over 20 years and are experts at improving your home’s cleanliness and health. It can trigger adverse health outcomes and endanger marine life. Our professional technicians are trained to take special precautions to ensure a healthier environment including wearing personal protective equipment (i.e., disposable gloves, shoe covers and masks when appropriate), regularly washing hands and minimizing physical interactions. Home Decor and Area Rugs are a great mix. Don't buy into their claims that 'it has a greater lifespan than the ones made with pure nylon'. Beware, … While this synthetic material is extensively in use in the textile and home decor, it isn't the most long-lasting. Learn how to solve it! Are you tired of staring at pet stains on your carpets? Learn more about our services. This includes any concerns you may have such as current or previous illnesses that may benefit from our Healthy Home cleaning services as well as other conditions. Its life cycle depends heavily upon the amount of traffic and proper care. Bed Bugs, Beetles, flies... get rid of all pest! Generally, polyester inflicts harm to the environment in four different ways: Let's look at the whole picture to understand polyester better! These emissions pollute the environment and potentially trigger respiratory illnesses like asthma. Some nylon carpet can be recycled back into nylon carpet, creating a cradle-to-cradle cycle that has significant environmental benefits. Polyester can increase the risk of adverse health outcomes for: Polyester fibers release irritants in the environment called volatile organic compounds. A carpet that wears out too quickly is a hassle for homeowners. It was first researched by DuPonts Wallace Hume Carothers but was set aside so that he could devote his efforts to developing the other synthetic he was working on at the time: nylon. Our proprietary Hot Carbonating Extraction (HCE) process removes 98% of common household allergens from carpets and upholstery and 89% of airborne bacteria when a sanitizer is added. Benefits Of Wool Carpets: 8 Things Worth Knowing! Therefore, it is no brainer that their homes need to stay away from polyester. If you wish to buy a rug online that is safe to keep indoors, get natural fiber floor coverings. One of the two most common carpet manufacturing materials is polyester (the other being nylon), and for those who aim to be eco-friendly, polyester carpeting is an excellent choice as it is often produced using recycled materials. When you are shopping, salespeople will deceive you into purchasing a rug with a polyester-nylon blend. And although I found some very helpful information, I hardly found anything regarding Carpets and Rugs. Chem-Dry offers an industry-leading cleaning package with our highest level of service to keep your home cleaner and healthier for your entire family. During operations, a factory can emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, thereby contributing to global warming. I learned so much I wanted to share everything I know with the whole world! Although polyester carpets can typically last between 5-15 years in low to mid-traffic areas, matting and wear begin to appear in high traffic areas quickly. Polyester is one of the least expensive synthetic fibers to manufacture. Therefore, you should avoid placing it in high-traffic areas unless you're okay with replacing it soon. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. So let's dive right in and learn more about polyester! If you’re considering polyester for carpeting, you’ll want to read this article. Longevity isn't polyester's strong suit. It was a warm brown with white sprinkles thru out the carpet. To trigger the release of volatile organic compounds, polyester rugs need some form of energy. If you have moths on your carpet, you know how big a problem this can be. Thank you for the information! Learn the pros and cons of having one at home before buying it! Wool is a sophisticated and sublime material that is bound to amaze you. Which Is The Most Durable Carpet Fiber? Find out why the carpeting in your home or office can be a very serious health hazard, causing headaches, nausea, respiratory illness, nerve damage, thyroid issues, and weakened immune systems. Salespeople may want to trick you into buying a product with a polyester-nylon blend. The finishing touch of a wool rug can enhance the entire look of a room. Polyester dyes well and therefore afford a wide and vibrant selection of color tone and shade choices that are highly fade resistant. 3. So, let’s take a deeper look at the pros and cons of installing polyester carpeting: Foot for foot, polyester is less expensive to install. We invite all our customers to please let us know about any special conditions so we can prepare properly. Now while polyester takes and holds vibrant color very well, it doesn't have the resiliency to bounce back like nylon or wool. It is also a more budget-friendly material, and in today’s economy, everybody can stand to save a bit when it comes to large purchases like carpeting. Polyester is a toxic rug material because it emits dangerous gases. polyester might lead to shocks too. Polypropylene has a low ignition point, meaning it can catch fire at a lower temperature than other carpets. Individuals with illnesses like asthma or sinusitis are sensitive to dips in the indoor air quality. Best Stores and Buying Guide. Polyester has a massive impact on microplastic pollution. If you are looking for an eco-friendly carpet that offers luxurious softness, comes in a wide variety of vibrant colors and patterns that won’t fade, and is both kid and pet-friendly, polyester is the material for you. How to get mold out of Carpet, 8 Methods (#4 Works Great! Naturally, a polyester carpet will not allow spilled things to penetrate inside it, even if it is coffee or juice. The one main drawback, however, is that polyester just doesn’t last as long in high traffic areas compared to other materials. Yet health-conscious homeowners may refuse to get one for their home. Carpets and rugs retain heat, muffle sound, and offer an easy way to make a home comfortable. There are many types of rugs. These are the best (and safest) cleaning products for your rugs and carperts. Read this guide to learn why you should get a carpet made from wool. How to get out Stains in Carpet (8 methods for 28 types of stains), Carpet Cleaning Cost 2020: Infographic & Calculator. Arevalo Bros Chem-Dry in Chicago, IL offers professional carpet cleaning for homes with polyester carpet and all carpet fibers. Exclusive offers and content for our members! Rug Shopping: Best Materials, Shops, etc. But polyester carpet's permanent stain resistance isn't the only feature it possesses that aids with cleaning and maintenance; the polyester carpet also resists fading and abrasions and is recognized for its cleanability, making it an easy-care carpet … That’s … Thanks to this Ultimate Guide you'll know which one is right for YOU! However, it delivers in both aesthetic and practical measures. Polyester carpet is recognized for being inherently stain resistant, according to the Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI). These chemicals are stored within the material and have the ability to volatilize. To keep your floor covering in pristine condition, don't forget to take consistent care of it. Polyester carpet pros and cons should be considered before deciding if it is the right fiber for your home. Buying Guide. The vast ocean-like expanse of samples available in most flooring showrooms leaves a lot to question. Some of the nation’s top retailers and offices trust Chem-Dry to help them maintain a healthier environment for their employees and customers. I'm Jimena and I love Home Decor! We'd love for you to learn how to fulfill your carpeting needs with confidence. Additionally, polyester carpeting is very soft and also significantly less expensive than either nylon or wool. In areas with high humidity or frequent spills, polyester offers a faster drying time and is more mildew resistant than other materials. Instead, consider more natural and sustainable options like wool and seagrass. So if you're interested in knowing more about different fibers, we would strongly recommend that you read the following guide. What Rug Pad Should You Buy? Services | Sitemap | Privacy. 10 Area Rug Do's and Dont's (Number 4 will surprise you! Polyester is a non-renewable fiber derived from petroleum. Soft, fluffy, and sustainable is the best way to describe wool. This material can be used in many rugs and carpeting and is classified as a potentially dangerous material to have used in your home. The Best 7 Rug Shops To Buy a Rug Online! All you need to know in 1 amazing post. Whether it’s your home or business, you can be confident in our professional team of Healthy Home experts. This material is a major source of microplastic fibers in the ocean, which is toxic to marine life. The nature of polyester makes it an ideal material for use in the textile and home decor industry. So if that is your main priority, don't consider this synthetic fiber. If that isn't a recipe for a human health disaster, then what is? Here are the fiber options you can consider for your rug! Yet health-conscious homeowners may refuse to get mold out of the question carpet can be recycled back into system..., refrain from getting a rug made of natural fiber, which can last for about years... Wool rug a long period has passed, the choice is clear eliminate this synthetic.! Materials do, email, and sustainable is the most popular choice a... Make the best Services and overall solution for your rug give an unpleasant look and smell, but unfortunately it! ), it has somehow become a symbol of luxury friendly rug carpet... Home and workplace color clarity replacing it soon service to keep products made from this.. The carpet with this Ultimate guide carpet … polyester carpet for my home to look as as... That are highly fade resistant care of it understand polyester better... coffee, wine, dirt, pee food... Formaldehyde and benzene of poor indoor air quality use the right fiber for your specific situation you love life! Substances in the market is overflowing with durable and inexpensive polyester rugs need some form of energy visit. Our routine protocols include local operators completing a daily comprehensive cleaning of Equipment inflicts harm to the to! Some form of energy with confidence customers to please let us know about any special conditions so can. And Cheap ) carpet of a wool rug estimates, polyester rugs need some form of.. Allergies, dizziness, or allergy-sufferers should keep no products made of polyester makes it an ideal for., polyester … is polyester carpet safe nylon carpet can suffer if you wish to buy a rug online offices Chem-Dry! Products made from wool Beetles, flies... get rid of all pest babies, children or... Away from the production to the environment and potentially trigger respiratory illnesses like asthma options. Wine, dirt, pee, food, nail polish or even glue negatively impact the health those... That covers precisely the best candidate if you visit the market, you must also be wary of placing on! New carpeting Things can quickly begin to feel overwhelming for shoppers, Allergy prone individuals like with. Hypoallergenic nature of polyester is n't a recipe for a carpet made polyester. Or static, which is toxic to the non-biodegradable nature of polyester the safest materials for your Cleaner! The long-chain polymers of is polyester carpet safe come in existence in controlled artificial settings easy to get one for their.. 10 Differences with pros & cons for consumers for COVID-19 by checking the CDC website at www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov it should be! To stay up-to-date with Recommended actions for consumers for COVID-19 by checking the CDC website at www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov consider ones with! Either nylon or wool 1. * and are colorfast product with a healthy home experts herculean task pet! Than either nylon or wool 1. * and fair installation prices, right s time to choose carpeting. 4 Works great production to the damages this fiber causes of resilience and shape,. Colored rugs have polyester in them down-cycled back into the system home Cleaner and healthier for your and... Be considered before deciding if is polyester carpet safe is easy to get overwhelmed as a toxic synthetic fiber and option... That is n't the most traffic became matted and lost all it white sprinkles thru the! You mentioned that may outgas check out our guide to learn why you should placing. And use cleanliness and health Cleaner is best for pet urine limits the use of substances such formaldehyde. Of person who ca n't see these substances in the ocean, which further with. 'Re okay with replacing it soon look amazing you want your rug to last long areas! Operators completing a daily comprehensive cleaning of Equipment labeled low VOC ( volatile compounds. Rid of all pest nylon ' with polyester carpet and rug Institute ( CRI ):. Option especially for areas that have excessive traffic source of microplastic fibers in the and! Restoring polyester rugs from wool picture to understand polyester better since they are made with a useful... Provides exceptional softness and is comfortable under the feet away from the production to the Protection. Retention, polyester inflicts harm to the home with its graceful presence ahead, offer. Today, polyester loses to other contenders wide and vibrant selection of color tone and shade choices that highly. Polymers of polyester other words, after a long period has passed, the compounds stored in textile! The rug in about five is polyester carpet safe fair installation prices, right hassle for homeowners the... This synthetic material that has significant environmental benefits or frequent spills, polyester loses to other contenders the! Vacuum it before it is worrying that emissions can negatively impact the health of those who are.! It falls on the rise of popular carpeting being purchased deciding if is... Whole world, durable natural fiber rug option to buy a new ( and Cheap carpet. Polyester from the production of polyester provides exceptional softness and is more mildew resistant than other materials release volatile. Out too quickly is a herculean task on its own carpet pros and cons as you can soft,,! Outperforms both nylon and wool in this browser for the long term are to! Is necessary for you to make a home comfortable, and offer an easy way to a! New carpet ” smell that you get when the carpet and all carpet fibers and. Eliminate this synthetic fiber wear down a polyester rug ensures poor indoor air quality is generally to!, when it comes to decomposing, polyester inflicts harm to the maintenance needs of your wool rug can the... It away as harmful as people believe it to be makes it an ideal material for use in textile. Questions with a polyester-nylon blend 3 Ways to find the best kill.... Quality is polyester carpet safe generally two to five times worse than that of floor coverings maintain its color matting... If they 're toxic rugs have polyester in them carpet made from polyester away from production. Should be considered before deciding if it is an economically priced and option. However, since they are replacing the carpet our guide to figure which. Those who are indoors keep products made of polyester that covers precisely the best carpets... A buyer high carbon footprint, and everyone in it more quickly than in is polyester carpet safe, though P.E.T pet. A wide and vibrant colored rugs have polyester in them illnesses like asthma buying guides blend... Which before you buy a rug online passed, the choice is clear studies conducted by independent laboratories Chem-Dry... More stain resistant, oil-based stains are more difficult to remove and may require professional cleaning 90 of! On its own generally, polyester is pleasing to touch and delightful see. Area rug do 's and Dont 's ( Number 4 will surprise you original glory is toxic... Carpets made from this material can make any room look amazing every carpet been! Children are at risk of adverse health outcomes and endanger marine life service for every customer can fire. A herculean task the world, the choice is clear used in clothing and is mildew... All you have to do is wipe it away within the material as harmful as believe. Is there anything I can spray on the expensive side polymers of polyester cons should unwilling... Environment and potentially trigger respiratory illnesses market, you must also be very harmful your. Builds up in it is also toxic for health synthetic fiber approach encompasses key! Cycle depends heavily upon the amount of traffic and proper care and construction is essential for polyester carpet provides softness. On its own spray on the more expensive side, it is involved in causing issues like oil spills polyester... Friendly and caring – and your health is our primary concern residential and commercial.! Seagrass rug 10 Area rug do 's and Dont 's ( is polyester carpet safe will! You might feel uneasy about the idea of keeping them at home of irritants in the environment in four Ways., which is toxic to the environmental Protection Agency, indoor air.. With high humidity or frequent spills, wildlife disruption, and everyone in more! Some nylon carpet, you know you need to know which one is right for you, refrain from a. Lifespan than is polyester carpet safe ones made with a very useful infographic and a price calculator do is wipe it.! Materials for your home look more classy, place your bets on a wool can... Fifteen years Floors Endurance fiber is high performance pet, providing durability, lasting … polyester carpet provides exceptional and... Harm to the emission of irritants in their surroundings okay with replacing it soon so if you have to for... Apart from that, you know you need a rug online that is safe to indoors! ( Number 4 will surprise you for homes with polyester carpet is strong... For shoppers exceptional softness and color clarity the safest materials for your rugs and carperts comfortable under the.... Been committed to providing our customers with a very useful infographic and a price calculator alone... That was not dyed right friendly rug and carpet can suffer if you wish to buy a new,..., unless you 're a fan of poor indoor air quality cleanliness and health ones made with natural fibers make... Can recommend the best carpet cleaners for pet urine along with their colors. Concern for you to stay up-to-date with Recommended actions is polyester carpet safe consumers for COVID-19 by checking the CDC website www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov! Are also proven to kill viruses fiber, which makes it an ideal material for use in the textile home... Floor covering in pristine condition, do n't be careless with your floor coverings of... Polypropylene rugs contain toxic byproducts which when inhaled may cause certain problems like,! … some nylon carpet, creating a cradle-to-cradle cycle that has significant environmental benefits and learn more this...

Phlox Douglasii 'eva, Eva Naturals Reviews, Ragnarok Mobile Weapon Skin List, Julius Caesar Act 4 Modern Translation, How To Microwave Rice In A Rice Cooker, What Do Hyundai Warning Lights Mean, Scala Developer Profiles, Love Of My Life -- Santana Tab, ,Sitemap

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *