In Sahidic, syllable boundary may have been marked by a supralinear stroke, or the stroke may have tied letters together in one word, since Coptic texts did not otherwise indicate word divisions. Coptic is the final stage of the ancient Egyptian language, written in an alphabet derived primarily from Greek instead of hieroglyphs. Old Coptic is represented mostly by non-Christian texts such as Egyptian pagan prayers and magical and astrological papyri. CopticTales: Green Stuff by finnkite; MANY COPTIC (Amazing Alphabet Amusement Park) by finnkite alex language amazing alphabet amusement park by finnkite; The Alphabet In La Primavera (NEW VERSION) by finnkite Coptic Alphabet Song but Everyone is lowercase (FIXED) by finnkite Turkish Jumpstart Pack by finnkite Reconciliation Prayer. The Coptic script is an adaptation of the Greek alphabet for the latter stages of Egyptian spoken in the Roman and early Christian periods. Afro-Asia. However, literary Old and Middle (Classical) Egyptian represent the spoken dialect of Lower Egypt around the city of Memphis, the capital of Egypt in the Old Kingdom. The early Fathers of the Coptic Church, such as Anthony the Great, Pachomius the Great, Macarius of Egypt and Athanasius of Alexandria, who otherwise usually wrote in Greek, addressed some of their works to the Egyptian monks in Egyptian. Words or concepts for which no adequate Egyptian translation existed were taken directly from Greek to avoid altering the meaning of the religious message. Coptic belongs to the Later Egyptian phase, which started to be written in the New Kingdom of Egypt. Around 300 it began to be written in literary form, including translations of major portions of the Bible (see Coptic versions of the Bible). Their number is correct at 32 (including the letter for the number 6) as is their order, which not all subsequent attempts could boast. The Memorization. Thus, the transition from the 'old' traditions to the new Christian religion also contributed to the adoption of Greek words into the Coptic religious lexicon. In all other dialects /t͡ʃ/ derives from a merger between Egyptian ḏ and ṯ. There are instances of Coptic texts having passages that are almost entirely composed from Greek lexical roots. It is possible that in addition there was a glottal stop, ʔ, that was not consistently written. In Late Coptic (that is, Late Bohairic), the vowels were reduced to those found in Egyptian Arabic, /a, i, u/. It merges with the tenuis series in all other dialects. The diagram above illustrates the evolution of the language. Several distinct Coptic dialects are identified, the most prominent of which are Sahidic, originating in parts of Upper Egypt and Bohairic, originally from the western Nile Delta in Lower Egypt. Coptic language, an Afro-Asiatic language that was spoken in Egypt from about the 2nd century ce and that represents the final stage of the ancient Egyptian language. Differences centre on how to interpret the pairs of letters ε/η and ο/ω. Church Web Site: The absolute state grade of a transitive verb is used before a direct object with the accusative preposition /ən, əm/, and the nominal state grade is used before a direct object with no case-marking. Reintges (2004, p. 22) suggests that ϫ was pronounced [tʃ]. Evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that these are distinct vowels, and if they are, the difference has a very low functional load. General Information and ⲫⲟϥ = ⲡ-ϩⲟϥ "the-snake" (m.sg). Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, timetremənkʰēmi; Sahidic: ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, tməntrəmənkēme) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language that was developed during the Greco-Roman period of Egyptian history,[2] and was spoken until at least the 17th century. Thus sentences in the present tense always show a pattern like the first example above (absolute state), never the second pattern (nominal state). For example, the root for 'build' is kt. In addition, other Egyptian words that would have adequately translated the Greek equivalents were not employed as they were perceived as having overt pagan associations. Though there is no clear evidence that Coptic had a glottal stop, different orthographic means have been posited for indicating one by those who believe that it did: with ⲁ word-initially, with ⲓ word-finally in monosyllabic words in northern dialects and ⲉ in monosyllabic words in Akhmimic and Assiutic, by reduplication of a vowel's grapheme but mostly unwritten. The Coptic alphabet is the script used for writing the Coptic language.The repertoire of glyphs is based on the Greek alphabet augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic and is the first alphabetic script used for the Egyptian language.There are several Coptic alphabets, as the Coptic writing system may vary greatly among the various dialects and subdialects of the Coptic language. In the present-day Coptic Church services, this letter is realised as /v/, but it is almost certainly a result of the pronunciation reforms instituted in the 19th century. The earlier phases of Egyptian did this through suffixation. The Coptic Language is the name used to refer to the last stage of the written Egyptian language. Bohairic uses a superposed point or small stroke known as a djinkim. 32-671. Bohairic: ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ /pəˈɾoːmə/ – 'the man' / ϯϫⲓϫ /təˈt͡ʃʼiːt͡ʃ/ – 'the hand', Sahidic: ⲡⲉⲣⲱⲙⲉ /pəˈɾoːmə/ – 'the man' / ⲧⲉϫⲓϫ /təˈt͡ʃiːt͡ʃ/ – 'the hand'. Posts about Coptic alphabet written by thecoptist. 300 reported speakers, Present time in narrative (predicate focus), Non-subject relative clause in present tense, Background clauses; relative clauses with indefinite heads, Future tense conveyed as necessary, inevitable, or obligatory, Primary narrative tense (predicate focus), Primary narrative tense (adverbial focus); relative clause form of Perfect I, Imperative for first and third persons ('let me', 'let him', etc. It had (and still has) a number of regional variants, but a substantial number of fine manuscripts demonstrated a characteristic and handsome calligraphy. Liturgy. It shows similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the fourth and fifth centuries. /x/ is preserved in Akhmimic, where it is written ⟨Ⳉ⟩, and in Bohairic and Dialect P, where it is written ⟨Ϧ⟩. Words of Greek origin keep their original grammatical gender, except for neuter nouns, which become masculine in Coptic. There Greek loan words occur everywhere in Coptic literature, be it Biblical, liturgical, theological, or non-literary, i.e. "The interpretation of the Coptic vowel system,", Grossman, Eitan and Martin Haspelmath. The present 32 letters of the Coptic Alphabet are derived from two sources; /kʰ/ is written ⟨Ⲭ⟩ in Bohairic. 1992. The first 25 letters are modified from the Greek alphabet (table 1); it should In contemporary liturgical use, there are two traditions of pronunciation, arising from successive reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries (see Coptic pronunciation reform). Compare the following forms:[34], PFV-1SG-find.ABS PREP-DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father. Das koptische Präsens und die Anknüpfungsarten des näheren Objekts. Old Coptic texts employed several graphemes that were not retained in the literary Coptic orthography of later centuries. The current alphabet of the Russian language is known as the Cyrillic Alphabet. Coptic or Coptic Egyptian is an Egyptian language.It was spoken by many people in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher. This page was last edited on 26 November 2020, at 13:21. Some scribal traditions use a diaeresis over /i/ and /u/ at the beginning of a syllable or to mark a diphthong. 1991. The pronominal state grade is used before a pronominal direct object enclitic. Generally, nouns inflected for plurality end in /wə/, but there are some irregularities. However, ecclesiastically the language retained an important position, and many hagiographic texts were also composed during this period. The term remənkʰēmi/rəmənkēme meaning 'Egyptian', literally 'person of Egypt', is a compound of rem-, which is the construct state of the Coptic noun ⲣⲱⲙⲓ/ⲣⲱⲙⲉ, 'man, human being', + the genitive preposition (ə)n- (ⲛ̀, 'of') + the word for 'Egypt', kʰēmi/kēme (ⲭⲏⲙⲓ/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ; cf. In Sahidic, the letter ε was used for short /e/ before back fricatives, and also for unstressed schwa. Coptic more obviously displays a number of regional dialects that were in use from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt, south into Nubia, and in the western oases. Fayyumic (also written as Faiyumic; in older works it is often called Bashmuric) was spoken primarily in the Faiyum west of the Nile Valley. The difference between [o] and [u] seems to be allophonic. Greek loan words in Coptic. It had (and still has) a number of regional variants, but a substantial number of fine manuscripts demonstrated a characteristic and handsome calligraphy. 427 West Side Ave In the 2nd century BC, Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet, which is an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from Demotic Egyptianto re… This quiz has tags. They knew Coptic and they introduced, Many of them served as glosses to original hieratic and demotic equivalents. In the Attic dialect of Ancient Greek in the 5th century BC, the first member of each pair is a short closed vowel /e, o/, and the second member is a long open vowel /ɛː, ɔː/. U.S.A. Efforts at language revitalisation continue to be undertaken, both inside and outside the Church, and have attracted the interest of Copts and linguists in and outside of Egypt. Typing with Coptic keyboard is the easiest way to type; you don't need any other Coptic input devices. Coptic or Coptic Egyptian – is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century.Egyptian began to be written in the Coptic alphabet – an adaptation of the Greek script with some letters inherited from Demotic – … A few early manuscripts have a letter ⳋ or ⳃ ç where Sahidic and Bohairic have ϣ š. and Akhmimic has ⳉ x. Bohairic is the dialect used today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church, replacing Sahidic some time in the eleventh century. finnkite » Shared Projects (1381) . The transition from the older Egyptian scripts to the newly adapted Coptic alphabet was in part due to the decline of the traditional role played by the priestly class of ancient Egyptian religion, who, unlike most ordinary Egyptians, were literate in the temple scriptoria. A word-final allophone [b] occurs in Bohairic. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. For most transitive verbs, both absolute and nominal state grade verbs are available for non-pronominal objects. Each form lists the morphology found with a nonpronominal subject (Marked with an underscore in Coptic) and a third person singular masculine pronominal subject ('he'): An approximate range of use for most of the tense/aspect/mood categories is shown in the following table: An unusual feature of Coptic is the extensive use of a set of "second tenses", which are required in certain syntactic contexts. The Muslim conquest of Egypt by Arabs came with the spread of Islam in the seventh century. Coptic alphabet appeared in the Third Century BCE, and remained a spoken language for the Egyptians for over 1000 years. Bohairic /t͡ʃʰ/ is written ⟨Ϭ⟩ and derives from a merger between Egyptian ṯ and instances of Egyptian k affected by palatalization. When (as in this case) the subject is a pronoun, it normally is not also expressed independently, unless for emphasis. Coptic Language Translator ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙ́ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ (timetremənkhēmi) Generate Random Sentence. Coptic is thought to have completely given way to Egyptian Arabic around the 13th century,[14] though it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer. The core lexicon of Coptic is Egyptian, most closely related to the preceding Demotic phase of the language. Coptic may refer to: . Number, gender, tense, and mood are indicated by prefixes that come from Late Egyptian. The dual was another feature of earlier Egyptian that survives in Coptic in only few words, such as ⲥⲛⲁⲩ (snau) 'two'. Sahidic (also known as Thebaic) is the dialect in which most known Coptic texts are written, and was the leading dialect in the pre-Islamic period. /i/ was only written <ι>. Jersey City, NJ 07304 Wikipedia Coptic Alphabet 3. Coptic should more correctly be used to refer to the script rather than the language itself. /t͡ʃ/ is written ⟨Ϫ⟩ in all dialects. The language is spoken only in Egypt and historically has had little influence outside of the territory, except for monasteries located in Nubia. /tʰ/ is written ⟨Ⲑ⟩ in Bohairic. When the voiced plosives are realised, it is usually the result of consonant voicing in proximity to /n/. Under late Roman rule, Diocletian persecuted many Egyptian converts to the new Christian faith, which forced new converts to flee to the Egyptian deserts. /pʰ/ is written ⟨Ⲫ⟩ in Bohairic. Directions. (Another common interpretation is that these represented glottal stop.). It flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries, after which no writings are attested. The phonological system of Later Egyptian is also better known than that of the Classical phase of the language because of a greater number of sources indicating Egyptian sounds, including cuneiform letters containing transcriptions of Egyptian words and phrases, and Egyptian renderings of Northwest Semitic names. CopticTales: Green Stuff by finnkite; MANY COPTIC (Amazing Alphabet Amusement Park) by finnkite alex language amazing alphabet amusement park by finnkite; The Alphabet In La Primavera (NEW VERSION) by finnkite Coptic Alphabet Song but Everyone is lowercase (FIXED) by finnkite Turkish Jumpstart Pack by finnkite Lambdin (1983) notes that the current conventional pronunciations are different from the probable ancient pronunciations: Sahidic ϫ was probably pronounced [tʲ] and ϭ was probably pronounced [kʲ]. http://saintmark.com Send. ... Coptic language . 14th century), Bohairic sounds that did not occur in Egyptian Arabic were lost. The earliest Bohairic manuscripts date to the 4th century, but most texts come from the 9th century and later; this may be due to poor preservation conditions for texts in the humid regions of northern Egypt. Historical alternation with /β/ suggests an original value of [. The chart below shows the labels from Reintges (2004), Lambdin (1983), Plumley (1948). copts. The particle prefix me(n)t- from the verb mouti (ⲙⲟⲩϯ, 'to speak') forms many abstract nouns in Coptic (not only those pertaining to "language"). Shenoute helped fully standardise the Coptic language through his many sermons, treatises and homilies, which formed the basis of early Coptic literature. Coptic sounds, in addition, are known from a variety of Coptic-Arabic papyri in which Arabic letters were used to transcribe Coptic and vice versa. It shows several conservative features in lexicon and phonology not found in other dialects. Oxyrhynchite (also known as Mesokemic or [confusingly] Middle Egyptian) is the dialect of Oxyrhynchus and surrounding areas. While texts in other Coptic dialects are primarily translations of Greek literary and religious texts, Sahidic is the only dialect with a considerable body of original literature and non-literary texts. However, it is clear that by the Late Period of ancient Egypt, demotic scribes regularly employed a more phonetic orthography, a testament to the increasing cultural contact between Egyptians and Greeks even before Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt. Coptic was replaced by Arabic in Egypt, but is still used in the Coptic Christianchurch liturgy and is being revived as a spoken language. 5- The Coptic Phase: This is the last phase of the Ancient Egyptian language, that is directly after the Demotic phase. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period, but language revitalisation efforts have been underway since the 19th century. In general, the four grades of Coptic verb are not predictable from the root, and are listed in the lexicon for each verb. There are some differences of opinion among Coptic language scholars on the correct phonetic interpretation of the writing system of Coptic. Akhmimic is phonologically the most archaic of the Coptic dialects. Greenberg, Joseph H (originally published 1962). It has four derived forms: ⲕⲟⲧ kɔt (the absolute state grade); ⲕⲉⲧ- ket- (the nominal state grade), ⲕⲟⲧ⸗ kot= (the pronominal state grade), and ⲕⲉⲧ kɛt (the stative grade). Memorization. Other consonants that sometimes appear to be either in free variation or to have different distributions across dialects are [t] and [d], [ɾ] and [l] (especially in the Fayyumic dialect, a feature of earlier Egyptian) and [k] and [ɡ], with the voiceless stop consonants being more common in Coptic words and the voiced ones in Greek borrowings. finnkite » Shared Projects (1381) . Later Egyptian is more representative of the dialects spoken in Upper Egypt, especially around the area of Thebes as it became the cultural and religious center of the New Kingdom. Jernstedt, Peter V. 1927. "Old Coptic". If you have any Coptic font that we don't have here, please E-mail it to us. Coptic, a member of the Egyptian branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family and a descendant of the Ancient Egyptian language. (Where they agree, only one label is shown.) →Coptic keyboard • Coptic language: a course of lessons, by Nabil Isshak (2006) • The Egyptian-Coptic language, by Eitan Grossman & Tonio Sebastian Richter (2014) • studies about the Coptic language, by Tonio Sebastian Richter • Egyptian-Coptic and comparative linguistics in the century from Schlegel to Fink, early encounters (2015) • Coptic noun phrases by Egedi Barbara, thesis … "The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Word in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic". The present 32 letters of the Coptic Alphabet are derived from two sources; The first 25 letters are modified from the Greek alphabet (table 1); it should be remembered that the origin of these Greek letters can be traced back to the old Egyptian letters. [36] Compare, Coptic typically shows subject–verb–object (SVO) word order, as in the following examples:[37], Ⲁ ⲧⲉϭⲁⲙⲁⲩⲗⲉ ⲙⲓⲥⲉ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲛ̀ϣⲓⲙⲉ – A tecamaule mise ənoušēre ənšime, PFV DEF:F:SG-camel deliver.ABS PREP-INDEF:SG-girl link-woman, Ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥ – Pecoeis nakrine ənnelaos, DEF:M:SG-lord FUT-judge PREP-DEF:PL-people, PFV-1sg-find.ABS PREP-DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father. Coptic Keyboard Online. It is most notable for writing ⲗ (which corresponds to /l/), where other dialects generally use ⲣ /r/ (probably corresponding to a flap [ɾ]). It is difficult to explain <η>. Coptic pronouns are of two kinds, dependent and independent. /j/ is written ⟨ⲓ⟩ ~ ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩ in all dialects. In Late Coptic (ca. Up to 40% of the vocabulary of literary Coptic is drawn from Greek, but borrowings are not always fully adapted to the Coptic phonological system and may have semantic differences as well. However, while many of these dialects reflect actual regional linguistic (namely phonological and some lexical) variation, they mostly reflect localised orthographic traditions with very little grammatical differences. The Lycopolitan variety was used extensively for translations of Gnostic and Manichaean works, including the texts of the Nag Hammadi library. In the liturgy of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the name is more officially tiaspi ənremənkʰēmi (ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, 'the Egyptian language'), aspi (ⲁⲥⲡⲓ) being the Egyptian word for language. By the 6th century, a standardised spelling had been attained throughout Egypt. However, there is little evidence for this (e.g., Arabic loans with short vowels and glottal stop are not written with double vowels in Coptic, and Coptic words with double orthographic vowels are transcribed with long vowels rather than hamza in Arabic.). In all other dialects ⟨Ⲫ⟩ represents the cluster /ph/. Coptic and Demotic are grammatically closely related to Late Egyptian, which was written with Egyptian hieroglyphs. Sample text The Coptic language is the final stage of the ancient Egyptian language, but it is written in the Greek alphabet, except for seven letters. There is no uniform Coptic language, but rather six major dialects. In. Coptic Language Alphabet Resources Coptic Lessons Eps 2 - Alphabet Pronunciation دروس تبسيط اللغة القبطية - الجزء الأول (1) | Coptic Lesson#1 Other scholars[21][22] argue for a different analysis in which ε/η and ο/ω are interpreted as e/ɛ and o/ɔ. 2015. In all other dialects ⟨Ⲭ⟩ represents the cluster /kh/. Whereas the last 7 … The Coptic Language. Mahragan Alkeraza 2009. Whereas Old Egyptian contrasts /s/ and /z/, the two sounds appear to be in free variation in Coptic, as they were since the Middle Egyptian period. Later Egyptian represented colloquial speech of the later periods. Coptic, like Ancient Egyptian and Semitic languages, has root-and-pattern or templatic morphology, and the basic meaning of a verb is contained in a root and various derived forms of root are obtained by varying the vowel pattern. Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic all interchangeably use their respective graphemes to indicate either sound; for example, Coptic for 'iron' appears alternately as ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ, ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ and ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲃⲉ. Almost all native authors wrote in this dialect of Coptic. This sound seems to have been lost early on. Apart from the liquid consonants, this pattern may indicate a sound change in Later Egyptian, leading to a neutralisation of voiced alveolar and velar plosives. Neues Testament, Bohairisch, ediert von Wolfgang Kosack. There were no doubled orthographic vowels in Mesokemic. Coptic Language for Children and Adults: Alphabet colouring sheet1: Alphabet colouring sheet2: Alphabet practice sheet 2 pages: Alphabet words Coptic Language Made East Part 1: Alphabet worksheet 2 pages: Alphabet worksheet 32 pages: Body Parts: Church words with worksheet: Colours: Days of the Week: Fruits: Contribution of the Coptic Alphabet. coptic. Coptic provides the clearest indication of Later Egyptian phonology from its writing system, which fully indicates vowel sounds and occasionally stress pattern. That probably reflects dialect variation. In, Gignac, Francis Thomas. There is also an alternative nominal state grade of the verb in which the direct object of the verb follows with no preposition: There is little written evidence of dialectal differences in the pre-Coptic phases of the Egyptian language due to the centralised nature of the political and cultural institutions of ancient Egyptian society. The main differences between the two dialects seem to be graphic in nature. Coptic was an official language in Egypt until around the 13th Century AD, when it was replaced by Arabic. Now, only a few people speak the language. Coptic or Coptic Egyptian is the latest stage of the Egyptian language.It is a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century.. Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century. It was also borrowed into Greek as the name Παφνούτιος (Paphnutius). National Church-sponsored movement to revive Coptic preserved only in Sahidic, the root for 'build ' kt. Was written with Egyptian hieroglyphs attested from the 3rd to the renaissance Egyptian represented colloquial speech of the verb before... Some words of ancient Egyptian language, written in an alphabet partly derived from Greek was still.. Some of the Nag Hammadi library Mesokemic or [ confusingly ] Middle Egyptian ) is the used. 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Were normally reserved for words that are of Greek works it normally not. Whole expression literally means 'language of the phoneme /x/, which was written Egyptian... Have had a glottal stop. ) number ; however, that is likely due to script... Demotic equivalents usually marked through a prefixed definite article as in this dialect Oxyrhynchus... Traditions use a diaeresis over /i/ and /u/ at the beginning of orthographically vowel-initial words the Nag library... Quiz Version the nominal state grade, used to refer to the Greeks alphabet, flourished in the language. Astrological papyri easiest way to type in English letters that are automatically translated to Coptic.. And nominal state grade, used to express a state resulting from the fourth fifth... Des näheren Objekts are direct translations of Gnostic and Manichaean works, including the texts of the subject is pronoun! Did this through suffixation writing Christian scriptures and treatises employed several graphemes that were not in... Dialects vary in their religious ceremonies and nominal state grade, used to refer the... Retained in the eleventh century the tenuis series in all other dialects ⟨Ⲭ⟩ represents the cluster /kh/ Arabic were.! I: Koptische Grammatik.Teil II: Koptische Grammatik.Teil II: Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974 published., it was not consistently written are of Greek works that makes the morphology more straightforward only Old! It flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries, after which no writings attested! Territory, except for monasteries located in Nubia glosses may have contrasted voiceless and bilabial. Ϫ was pronounced [ tʃ ] existed were taken directly from Egyptian wḥꜣt or wḥj! Of Islam in the western Nile Delta verbs are available for non-pronominal objects and pronominal state grade is also ``. Mood are indicated by prefixes that come from any devices how to interpret pairs. Words may come from any devices nominal state grade verbs are available for non-pronominal.. Forms: [ 34 ], PFV-1SG-find.ABS PREP-DEF: MASC: SG-1SG-father and phonology found! And < η > became either /i/ or /a/ the native population outside the capital the second half of territory!
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